Authorship · Stylometry · Linguistic EvidenceFile Z-03 · Thursday, July 9, 2026
FLING/ˈflɪŋ/n.
Forensic Linguistics
The language is the evidence.

Papers selected for the methodology corpus for which no open-access copy was found (tried OpenAlex, Unpaywall, Semantic Scholar, arXiv). Listed here as not-yet-obtained; nothing below is cited as read.

  • N-GRAM-BASED AUTHOR PROFILES FOR AUTHORSHIP ATTRIBUTION — Vlado Ke, Fuchun Peng, Nick Cercone (2003) — OpenAlex W2180101149
  • Identifying Authorship by Byte-Level N-Grams: The Source Code Author Profile (SCAP) Method. — Georgia Frantzeskou, Efstathios Stamatatos, Stefanos Gritzalis (2007), International journal of digital evidence — OpenAlex W1529790664
  • A Profile-Based Method for Authorship Verification — Nektaria Potha, Efstathios Stamatatos (2014), Lecture notes in computer sciencedoi
  • Computational methods in authorship attribution — Moshe Koppel, Jonathan Schler, Shlomo Argamon (2008), Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technologydoi
  • Recentred local profiles for authorship attribution — Robert Layton, Paul Watters, Richard Dazeley (2011), Natural Language Engineeringdoi
  • Overview of PAN 2019: Bots and Gender Profiling, Celebrity Profiling, Cross-Domain Authorship Attribution and Style Change Detection — Walter Daelemans, Mike Kestemont, Enrique Manjavacas (2019), Lecture notes in computer sciencedoi
  • Overview of PAN 2020: Authorship Verification, Celebrity Profiling, Profiling Fake News Spreaders on Twitter, and Style Change Detection — Janek Bevendorff, Bilal Ghanem, Anastasia Giachanou (2020), Lecture notes in computer sciencedoi
  • Understanding and explaining Delta measures for authorship attribution — Stefan Evert, Fotis Jannidis, Thomas Proisl (2017), Digital Scholarship in the Humanitiesdoi
  • Authorship Attribution in Greek Tweets Using Author’s Multilevel N-Gram Profiles — George Mikros, Kostas Perifanos (2013), National Conference on Artificial Intelligence — OpenAlex W2171688411
  • Overview of PAN 2021: Authorship Verification, Profiling Hate Speech Spreaders on Twitter, and Style Change Detection — Janek Bevendorff, Berta Chulvi, Gretel Liz De la Peña Sarracén (2021), Lecture notes in computer sciencedoi
  • Authorship attribution using author profiling classifiers — Caio Deutsch, Ivandré Paraboni (2022), Natural Language Engineeringdoi
  • Survey on profiling age and gender of text authors — Yaakov HaCohen‐Kerner (2022), Expert Systems with Applicationsdoi
  • Gender Differences in Schizophrenia and First-Episode Psychosis: A Comprehensive Literature Review — Susana Ochoa, Judith Usall, Jesús Cobo (2012), Schizophrenia Research and Treatmentdoi
  • Native language identification: explorations and applications — Shervin Malmasi (2016), Figsharedoi
  • Native Language Identification of Fluent and Advanced Non-Native Writers — Raheem Sarwar, Attapol Rutherford, Saeed‐Ul Hassan (2020), ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processingdoi
  • A transformer fine-tuning strategy for text dialect identification — Mohammad Ali Humayun, Hayati Yassin, Junaid Shuja (2022), Neural Computing and Applicationsdoi
  • Systematic Literature Review of Dialectal Arabic: Identification and Detection — Ashraf Elnagar, Sane Yagi, Ali Bou Nassif (2021), IEEE Accessdoi
  • Automatic Arabic Dialect Classification Using Deep Learning Models — Leena Lulu, Ashraf Elnagar (2018), Procedia Computer Sciencedoi
  • Investigation Into the Identification of AI-Generated Short Dialectal Arabic Texts — Haifa Alharthi (2025), IEEE Accessdoi
  • Gender identification of egyptian dialect in twitter — Shereen Hussein, Mona Farouk, Elsayed E. Hemayed (2019), Egyptian Informatics Journaldoi
  • New Perspectives on the Urban–Rural Dichotomy and Dialect Contact in the Arabic gələt Dialects in Iraq and South-West Iran — Bettina Leitner (2021), Languagesdoi
  • On the Robustness of Authorship Attribution Based on Character N -gram Features — Efstathios Stamatatos (2013), Journal of law and policy — OpenAlex W2955901475
  • Language independent authorship attribution using character level language models — Fuchun Peng, Dale Schuurmans, Shaojun Wang (2003) — doi
  • Automatic authorship attribution based on character n-grams in Swiss German — Rahel Oppliger (2016), Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)doi
  • Syntactic Dependency-Based N-grams as Classification Features — Grigori Sidorov, Francisco Velásquez, Efstathios Stamatatos (2013), Lecture notes in computer sciencedoi
  • Empirical Evaluations Using Character and Word N-Grams on Authorship Attribution for Telugu Text — S. Nagaprasad, T. Raghunadha Reddy, P. Vijayapal Reddy (2015), Advances in intelligent systems and computingdoi
  • Document embeddings learned on various types of n-grams for cross-topic authorship attribution — Helena Gómez-Adorno, Juan-Pablo Posadas-Durán, Grigori Sidorov (2018), Computingdoi
  • A Basic Character N-gram Approach to Authorship Verification Notebook for PAN at CLEF 2013. — Michiel van Dam (2013), CLEF (Working Notes) — OpenAlex W2401918981
  • Complete Syntactic N-grams as Style Markers for Authorship Attribution — Juan-Pablo Posadas-Durán, Grigori Sidorov, Ildar Batyrshin (2014), Lecture notes in computer sciencedoi
  • Are n-gram Categories Helpful in Text Classification? — Jakub Kruczek, Paulina Kruczek, Marcin Kuta (2020), Lecture notes in computer sciencedoi
  • On the use of character n-grams as the only intrinsic evidence of plagiarism — Imene Bensalem, Paolo Rosso, Salim Chıkhı (2019), Language Resources and Evaluationdoi
  • Instance Based Authorship Attribution for Kannada Text Using Amalgamation of Character and Word N-grams Technique — C. P. Chandrika, Jagadish S. Kallimani (2022), Lecture notes in electrical engineeringdoi
  • Quantifying evidence in forensic authorship analysis — Tim Grant (2007), International Journal of Speech Language and the Lawdoi
  • Approaching questions in forensic authorship analysis — Tim Grant (2008), AILA applied linguistics seriesdoi
  • Who Wrote This?: Modern Forensic Authorship Analysis as a Model for Valid Forensic Science — Janet Ainsworth, Patrick Juola (2019), Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis)doi
  • Towards an Index of Idiolectal Similitude (Or Distance) In Forensic Authorship Analysis — M. Teresa Turell, Núria Gavaldà (2013), Journal of law and policy — OpenAlex W2992017905
  • Native Language Identification (NLID) for Forensic Authorship Analysis of Weblogs — Ria Perkins (2015), Advances in digital crime, forensics, and cyber terrorism book seriesdoi
  • Native language influence detection for forensic authorship analysis: Identifying L1 Persian bloggers — Ria Perkins, Tim Grant (2018), International Journal of Speech Language and the Lawdoi
  • A Forensic Authorship Analysis of the Ayia Napa Rape Statement — Lisa Donlan, Andrea Nini (2022) — doi
  • Forensic Linguistics: Advances in Forensic Stylistics — Gerald Mcmenamin (2002), Medical Entomology and Zoology — OpenAlex W647557094
  • The Starbuck Case: Methods for addressing confirmation bias in forensic authorship analysis. — Tim Grant, Jack Grieve (2021), Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University) — OpenAlex W3046600329
  • Text messaging forensics Txt 4n6: Idiolect free authorship analysis? — Tim Grant (2010) — doi
  • A Cybercrime Forensic Method for Chinese Web Information Authorship Analysis — Jianbin Ma, Guifa Teng, Yuxin Zhang (2009), Lecture notes in computer sciencedoi
  • Forensic linguistics — Nicci MacLeod, David Wright (2020) — doi
  • Rape as Social Activity: an Application of Investigative Linguistics — Tim Grant, Jessica Woodhams (2007), Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooksdoi
  • Identifying Key Idiolect Markers in Sociolinguistic Profiling: A Scoping Review and Analytical Framework for Real-world Applications — Vitalii Shymko (2025), SAGE Opendoi
  • Linguistic Expert Evidence in the Common Law — Andrew Hammel (2022) — doi
  • Author’s Reply to the Review of R. Shuy (2002) Linguistic Battles in Trademark Disputes, reviewed by Jennifer Westerhaus, Vol 10.2 — Roger W. Shuy (2004), International Journal of Speech Language and the Lawdoi
  • Measuring Authorship - A Tribute to Forensic Discourse Analysis — Nejla Kalajdžisalihović (2011), IBU Repository — OpenAlex W1506307383
  • Use Fewer Instances of the Letter “i”: Toward Writing Style Anonymization — Andrew McDonald, Sadia Afroz, Aylin Caliskan (2012), Lecture notes in computer sciencedoi
  • DP-VAE: Human-Readable Text Anonymization for Online Reviews with Differentially Private Variational Autoencoders — Benjamin Weggenmann, Valentin Rublack, Michael Andrejczuk (2022), Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2022doi
  • Stylometry and collaborative authorship: Eddy, Lovecraft, and ‘The Loved Dead’ — Addison Eldin, Matthew J. Lavin, Daniel M. Look (2015), Digital Scholarship in the Humanitiesdoi
  • De-anonymizing programmers via code stylometry — Aylin Caliskan-Islam, Richard Harang, Andy Liu (2015), USENIX Security Symposium — OpenAlex W1463623766
  • Stylometry: Authorship of the Pauline Epistles — Pieter M. Kroonenberg (2021), Quantitative methods in the humanities and social sciencesdoi
  • Challenging stylometry: The authorship of the baroque play La Segunda Celestina — Laura Hernández‐Lorenzo, Joanna Byszuk (2022), Digital Scholarship in the Humanitiesdoi
  • Corpus Stylistics, Stylometry, and the Styles of Henry James — David L. Hoover (2007), Style — OpenAlex W235857814
  • Authorship Identification Using Stylometry and Document Fingerprinting — Shubham Yadav, Santosh Singh Rathore, Satyendra Singh Chouhan (2020), Lecture notes in computer sciencedoi
  • Authorship attribution and verification with many authors and limited data — Kim Luyckx, Walter Daelemans (2008) — doi
  • Rolling stylometry — Maciej Eder (2015), Digital Scholarship in the Humanitiesdoi
  • Automatic authorship attribution — Efstathios Stamatatos, Nikos Fakotakis, G. Kokkinakis (1999) — doi

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